Mass Murderers A Diverse Group Of People - 1724 Words

Mass murderers are a diverse group of people. They are a danger to society and it is important to understand the wide variability among these people. The kinds of mass murderers revolve around two central types that branch off to several subtypes. The profile of a mass murderer generally contains a specific set of traits. These people are often driven by one of a series of different motives. In order to achieve their goals, mass murderers have plenty of different methods and weapons at their disposal. Inevitably, the discussion of punishment always ensues when the subject of dangerously destructive killers arises. The study of mass murderers is one that requires analyzing and profiling all of the components that make up a killer, from†¦show more content†¦Valentine’s Day Massacre†). Mission-oriented killers are murderers that believe they are cleansing the Earth, like the Boston Strangler who had presumed that the women he had killed were worthless. Similar to m ission-oriented, disciple killers are deluded in that they are influenced to kill by an influential figure, like the followers of Charles Manson. he last type of organized killer is the thrill-seeker. This killer is sometimes interpreted as disorganized as though they may plan, they often kill impulsively, like James Holmes of the Aurora Shooting who had been equipped like a pseudo-commando but had killed for the thrill. While organized mass murders are premeditated, killers can also be classified into the unorganized category which consists of disgruntled employees, visionary/missionary killers, and the aforementioned thrill-seeker. Disgruntled employees are killers that experience recent termination and lash out, like the workplace shooter Andrew Engeldinger. Visionary/missionary killers meanwhile, kill because they believe that it is the will of a higher power, like the nine assailants of the Paris attacks. Defining and categorizing types of mass murderers is a complex task as br eeds of mass killers branch out massively into several subtypes that each reveal aspects and insights like depth of planning, methodicalness, and drive. While types vary

The Ethics of Human Resources Free Essays

Ethics in business may involved everything including hiring decisions, pricing decisions, strategic decisions, and so on. The need for a process for making ethical decisions in business is great. There are a large number of instances where ethical decisions are necessary in business operations, and corporations find that they can get themselves into trouble even when they are trying to be ethical if they do not have a strong and effective procedural structure to guide employees in making such decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethics of Human Resources or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Human Resources department must operate with ethical standards that are clear and that address the kinds of issues this department will face. The HR professional handles more than hiring and firing of employees, also being responsible in some degree for orientation, training, union negotiations, decisions regarding compensation, special programs for addressing workplace problems, and so on. All of these tasks must be infused with an ethical structure that helps HR professionals make good decisions. Hallier and Leopold (1996) note the nature of defining the problem of characterizing the personnel function by pointing out that the terminology is â€Å"ambiguous, contradictory and controversial† (p. 46) and yet as a discipline on which a good deal is placed: At its most ambitious, however, HRM has been seen and promoted as a set of beliefs and practices which are radically different from those of traditional personnel management. Most significantly, the management of the workforce is seen as central, if not the key, to competitive advantage (Hallier Leopold, 1996, p. 46). To a degree, the distinction made between personnel and HRM is only a matter of terminology, yet more respect is accorded HRM than the personnel function in the literature. Human Resource Managers will have to respond to a number of demographic changes in coming years, each requiring some special consideration, including older workers, minority groups, and single and childless couples. Managers will have some guidance in these areas from legislation passed to cope with the changes and to both protect workers and define the rights of business to make certain decisions. The breadth of issues facing HR professionals is indicated by Lachnit (2002) when she writes, How does your company treat employees when they bring management bad news or unpopular opinions? Are your organization’s core values real, or are they just pretty words to be inscribed on corporate trinkets (para. 5). There is no doubt that the relationship between the worker and the average company has been changing for some time, with less job security and more flexibility for the company. This has created particular problems in the public eye, notably a perception that older workers are not being treated fairly (as one analyst notes, â€Å"Age discrimination is the most frequent type of discrimination complaint; it is not only unlawful, it is bad business† [Age discrimination in the workplace, 2005]) or that minorities may not be given sufficient opportunity if affirmative action programs are outlawed in the future. Managers may have to develop more creative ways to achieve diversity and to incorporate demographic changes into their thinking, but they first have to recognize the scope of the problem and the need for creative solutions. Human resource development (HRD) has three important components–training, education, and development. When the three are properly coordinated, HRD has a positive effect on worker productivity and so on the productivity of the company. Training improves the performance of workers and so increases their motivation, and as they work harder and produce more, the company profits. HRD is also dedicated to seeing to it that skills do not become obsolescent. Employees may have their skills upgraded through added training and education, and this benefits them in terms of promotion. Workplace diversity is another issue that will remain important. A recent survey among members of the International Association of Business Communicators found that diversity was one of the most critical challenges faced by these communicators (Geddie, 1999, pp. 27-30). These professionals found that cultural and language diversity can pose significant barriers to effective communication, but there are other factors which can be equally daunting. In addition to cultural and language diversity, the American workplace is increasingly made up of individuals with varying degrees of technical competence as well as educational backgrounds. Mergers can bring together employees from different corporate cultures as well, and overcoming differences in corporate cultures can sometimes be as difficult as overcoming differences in national origin. Translators can address the differences between languages and culture, but cannot help a company when it merges with another organization and needs to synthesize a new corporate culture. In these situations, the best approach is to develop a corporate communication strategy which should be in accordance with the company’s overall strategic goals and objectives (Geddie, 1999, p. 38). Diversity training also needs to take into account the various levels of the organization. It is common, for example, for companies to provide diversity training at the low and mid? levels of an organization, but to ignore the executive level. Despite the gains which have been made by minorities and women, the executive level in many companies remains largely white male, and there is sometimes the belief that diversity training and effective interpersonal communication training is not needed at these levels (Flynn, 1999, p. 52). Leadership is required throughout organizations, but it is necessary in the HR department as these changes are implemented in order to assure that the changeover is smooth, that needs are met, that laws and regulations are fulfilled, that workers are satisfied and motivated, and that the needs of both workers and employers are met to the degree possible. The HR professional has a role in this process. The Human Resources professional has to understand human behavior and is also involved in shaping that behavior, and this is why Human Resources can be called a behavioral science. The HR professional has to be capable in several areas of human behavior, including communication and motivation Warnick (1993) discusses the importance of communication for the Human Resources professional, which he says is the single most difficult profession in the business world today. In part, he says this because of the communication requirements placed on the professional. He states that employees expect the professional to take up their cause and resolve issues in their favor; line executives expect him or her to take care of â€Å"people problems† no matter what the cause; and top management expects him or her to keep the company out of legal problems and to maintain high employee morale. The HR professional must advise management on a variety of issues but especially in areas that concern laws or guidelines involving employee rights. The need to keep the company out of legal problems begins with the HR professional’s job of advising and counseling employees to ensure that they do not feel the need to appeal to any of the many government agencies that now exist to provide redress. In these two roles, however, there is a potential for disaster because they are conflicting roles. The model for civil law in the U. S. is adversarial, and this is true in labor law as well. Warnick asks how it is possible for the HR professional to advise management and still maintain confidence in management’s possible legal position while at the same time advising employees about what’s in their best interest? The professional who gives too much weight to either side will lose the confidence of the other. The HR professional is a communication facilitator who is management’s spokesperson and the employees’ advocate. He or she is expected to play a peacemaker role. Communication between management and employees is the responsibility of human resources. When management decides that a change is needed, Human Resources announces, explains, and justifies the change. Human resources also takes the concerns of employees and employee issues to management for consideration, review, and possible redress. Employees expect human resources to serve as their advocate and to plead their cause to management. How to cite The Ethics of Human Resources, Essay examples

The Role Of The Geisha In Japanese free essay sample

Culture Essay, Research Paper Japan, located in the Pacific Ocean off the seashore of the Asiatic Continent, is a state composed of about 7,000 islands, many are little. The four chief islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Japan has the 7th largest population in the universe. With about 125 million dwellers, the lone states with a higher population are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. The population which is about half of the United States, lives on merely 1/25 as much sum land mass, this computes to being one of the highest population densenesss in the universe. These conditions reflect in the Nipponese cultural values and their desire for being a corporate society.1 The Nipponese manner of carry oning concern differs greatly from the western theoretical account. It has grown out of the state? s alone history cultured doctrine. The Nipponese people are isolated in an island state? s alone history, civilization, and doctrine. The island state is under changeless barrage by the rough forces of nature, have traditionally placed a strong accent on working together as a group in order to last. Their civilization is profoundly influenced by Confucianism, with its stiff regulations regulating behavior and its accent on trust, consensus, and hierarchy. These ancient roots have influenced every facet of Nipponese concern ; from the manner formal meetings are conducted to the importance placed on after-hours socialization. It has shaped a concern civilization in which long-run, reciprocally good relationships are of paramount importance. By understanding and accommodating to this concern civilization, Western executives eager to make concern in Japan will be able to be enlightened to be more productive associations with their Nipponese co-workers and will increase the chance of accomplishing the ends of their meetings at that place. It is of import to understand the function of the female entertainer in Nipponese civilization. That is why the Geisha has a specific role.2 The geisha is described as a? century old professional entertainer? the geisha is an of import portion of traditional Nipponese societal life. Geisha are Masterss in the humanistic disciplines, trained in music, penmanship, Sado ( tea ceremonial ) poesy, conversation and societal graces every bit good as three stringed instruments called Shamisen. They dress in traditional kimonos, stupefying in their elegance. Basic wooden clog getas are worn for footwear, and hair is up in roll type hairdos trimmed with metallic accoutrements. Geisha literally translated agencies? beauty individual? or? individual who lives by the humanistic disciplines. ? 3 The geisha emerged around the mid-Edo period ( 1600- 1868 ) . The first geisha appeared at parties in the 1600? s. Surprisingly, they were work forces. Beating membranophones and doing gags, they entertained the invitees and warriors. As clip passed this type of entertaining became a female business. By the 1780? s female geisha out numbered work forces and divine creative persons, authors, and instrumentalists with their olympian lives in the flower and willow scene. From the terminal of the Edo period to the present geisha have had connexions with business communities and even with authorities functionaries. They were non merely revered in Japan, but besides fascinated most of western civilization. Their fees are instead extortionately expensive so they are chiefly reserved for the elite. Alternatively of being calculated by the hr it is referred to in units of sticks, since the fee was officially figured by the lengths of clip it took a stick of incense to fire down. One hr by and large consists of? four sticks, ? which is the minimal sum of payment.4 Most people hear about Geisha and believe that they are all cocottes. Geisha is an art.5 The geisha is non a cocotte, but an entertainer seeking to do a living.6 The mysterious geisha, at one clip admired for pureness in maintaining with work forces, is necessarily still a beginning of desire.7A Geisha is a high-class professional who exists on the same continuum as a cocotte. These adult females who become geisha? s non out of love but because chance affords them this life. Men hire adult females to entertain them, and the chief function of a geisha is to supply female company. At times that entails merely being arm confect, and unluckily at other times it besides involves sex.8 These adult females are professional hostesses in a fluctuation. The geisha chiefly entertain the higher category. These adult females are extensively trained in many of the traditional Nipponese arts.9 Men have sought adult females of another type ( alternatively of their married womans ) to entertain them in public, to interrupt the ice of societal convention-thicker in Japan than elsewhere, to pour interest, to sing, dance, play the sansien and to do conversation.10 The Japanese do non typically prosecute in concern tiffins, but if invited to dinner after the formal meetings ( which is likely to happen ) , if possible an credence is necessary. A cabaret, karaoke saloon, or hostess nine follows dinner. For the Nipponese these societal interactions that take topographic point after concern hours are all a portion of carry oning any concern. It is what some consider, the most of import interaction in Japan. It is the manner the Nipponese buttockss who they are in concern with and find whether one can be trusted in a long-run relationship.11 Informal socialization is a opportunity to loosen up, be less restrained, and exchange ideas and feeling that can non be expressed in the office. However, one time back in the meeting room after a dark of socialization, everyone returns to the formal agencies of turn toing each other and choruss from mentioning to what was said the old eventide. If invited to Nipponese imbibing party one should experience honored because to the Nipponese this is a mark that a insouciant or personal relationship is desired. The Nipponese believe that? imbibing together establishes trust, cements relationships, that allows tensenesss to dissipate. ? Nominikeshon, communicating through imbibing, is a late coined word. The Nipponese feel that intoxicant allows an chance to blow off steam and speak honestly about their feeling. One of the advantages to imbibing is that? inappropriate? behaviour is now excused, or at least non to be taken with complete earnestness. It is of import to recognize that personal inquiries will be asked of you during this clip such as income, personal life, and the worth of your ownerships. These inquiries in Japan are non viewed as taboo.12 Westerners have typically been outraged by the thought of the geisha. Surely, from an exterior position, which by about any visible radiations shows Japan as an egregiously male dominated society, an obedient and functioning adult females seems unfair.13 Traditionally, the topographic point of the Nipponese married woman has for so long been in the privacy of the home.14 That is why most of the late dark imbibing activities are done without their partners. That is why work forces find comfort within a geisha. The Geisha is trained to demo no emotions that are negative. They are trained to conceal behind their Kabuki white face and keep a expression that is to arouse an emotion that they are systematically pleased.15 Ironically, they are among the few Nipponese adult females who have managed to achieve economic ego sufficiently and act upon on their ain virtues. Womans have dominated the function of the geisha for the yesteryear 250 year. They have served alleviation to career goaded business communities or stately officials.16. The usage of the geisha as a type of amusement at concern meetings, and some may even take it farther. This is the monetary value they pay for more of an independent life style that the married woman of the businessman.17 Price of amusement of for five work forces at a first category tea house for an eventide amusement by a twosome geisha, including dinner and a twosome of drinks, would run likely upward of $ 10,000. The geishas make a ample income to back up themselves. Although one has to retrieve their Kimonos and hairdos are instead dearly-won as good. They besides allot a certain sum to the teashop in which they entertain the gentlemen.18 In fact, it is chiefly successful business communities and high-level politicians who can afford to maintain a geisha. Geisha is to be orderly and pleasant and above all to maintain their oral cavity shut. They frequently hear concern and province secrets from their clients.19 Today the figure of geishas has greatly declined, their function taken over by the saloon hostesses. It is late estimated that there were half a million saloon hostesses in Japan. Some of the saloon hostesses are cocottes but they are non wholly willing to make sexual favours in exchange for money. One needs to be cautious about doing this error. The client is assigned a hostess who will sit with him, pour drinks, and entertain in a coquettish mode. The patronage are about ever work forces. Hostess nines are expensive and overpriced. An eventide could be a lower limit of $ 200. Never conveying a saloon hostess to societal events where you will see your concern associates. Yet it is acceptable to convey a geisha.20 Today geishas figure fewer than a 1000 found largely in Osaka and Kyoto.21 Geisha Don? T hold any opposite number in our ain civilization because here in the West, work forces and adult females socialise together freely. In Japan they don? T. Men hire a geisha to entertain them. They are besides a critical portion of the Nipponese civilization. If one should hold to make concern in Japan it is of import that the function of the geisha is understood as a portion of socialising. One besides must retrieve the importance of socialising as medium through good will and concern is conducted to this Asiatic civilization. Bibliography Chat Transcripts: Thursday November 5, 1998 7 autopsy ET? the writer of Memoirs of a Geisha writer Arthur Golden. bn.com. Geisha: ? A Nipponese Tradition? hypertext transfer protocol ; //www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/5783/geisha.htm. October 20, 1999 Kuzirian, Stephanie, Geisha, hypertext transfer protocol: www.ric.edu/pamental/womenjapan/kazerianpaper.html. October 20, 1999. The Mystic Geisha, hypertext transfer protocol: www.nyu.edu/classes/blais/mg1/geisha/geishas.html. October 20, 1999. Terminology of Nipponese Wordss: Nipponese Wordss? Geisha? , hypertext transfer protocol: moon.jrn.columbia.edu/~ma297/immortal_geisha/term.html. October 20, 1999. Westerners Making Business in Japan, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.anderson.ucla.edu/research/japan/t2/sup7art.htm. October 20, 1999.

Teen Pregnancy Essays - Human Development, Midwifery, Ageing

Teen Pregnancy Teen Pregnancy & Parenting You sit there tense, your face is turning cherry red, your eyes are fixed on the little white machine, and you feel like the suspense is killing you, two minutes seem like forever. All of the sudden you see a ?+.? You're 15 and pregnant. What are you going to do now? Jessica Inhoff, a junior at Grant, tells us what she did when she found out she was pregnant with her son last year. She said that she was overly surprised and didn't know what to do. She didn't want to have to be there when her parents found out, so she just left a note on the table and went to work. Luckily for her, her parents were remarkably supportive, and still help her out as much as they can with her son. Her mother watches Kyle every day while she is at school, and will baby-sit one night a week, so Jessica can go out and still be a kid. According to the Oregon Health Division, during 1997 in Multnomah County, 654 girls between the ages of 10 and 17 got pregnant and kept their babies. Between 1974 and 1998 pregnancy for teens between the ages 15 and 19 increased by 200 percent. Also once the babies are born to teen mothers they are more than twice as likely to have a lower birth weight than those born to older mothers, which can cause major health risks. It makes babies more likely to die within the first 2 days of life. All those unwanted pregnancies among teens cost U.S. taxpayers almost 7 billion each year. One question you should ask yourself before you decide to have sex is; Am I ready to be a mother or a father? If you can answer yes to all the questions below, you are ready to go out Saturday night and decide by having sex with them, to tell your boyfriend/girlfriend, ?Hey honey, I want us to have a baby!? 1. Could I handle a baby and a job at the same time? Would I have enough time and energy for both? 2. How would a child interfere with my growth and development? Would I finish school and would I be able to go to college and get the career I want while caring for a child? 3. Can I afford to support a child? Do I know how much it takes to raise a child? 4. Am I willing to give a great part of my life ? at least 18 years ? to being responsible for a child? And spend a large portion of my life concerned with my child's well being? 5. Do I like doing things with children? Do I enjoy activities that children can do? Do I like cleaning up children's messes and do I want to have a child around me 24-7? 6. What do I do when I get angry or upset? Would I take things out on my child if I lost my temper? 7. Could my partner and I give a child a good home? Is our relationship a happy and strong one? Do we want to have to be connected for the reast of our lives, until death do us part? As Leslie Clark, an alumnus from Grant, figured out, having a baby and being in high school is a hard job. She had to skip the last couple months of her senior year to have her baby, which put her behind a year and not able to graduate with her class. She had a hard time raising her son Allyn on her own for the first five years, but luckily after that she and Allyn's dad started dating again, and ended up getting married. Seventeen years have now passed, and she is a happily married certified public accountant. Jessica Inhoff is now experiencing the responsibilities of being a teen mother, which she says, are ?endless.? A normal day goes like this for Jessica; she gets up at 6, after being awake half the night (with her son's wake up calls at 12:30 and 3 A.M.), and goes to school. She goes through six rigorous classes and then leaves during seventh period to go

Why Study Abroad Sample Essays AreSo Powerful

Why Study Abroad Sample Essays AreSo PowerfulWhy study abroad sample essays are so powerful is an interesting question. This is not to say that there are no benefits to studying abroad. There are.First, you do not have to pay college tuition. The tuition that you pay for is only going to pay for your accommodation. You will also be paying for meals and some things you will need to bring with you. This is a completely different ball game.One of the other benefits is that you get to see large amounts of people on a daily basis. In addition, you will get a chance to experience cultures and learn about the history of a place. When you are in school you are learning all of these things, but in an entirely different setting.Now, how does one write a great essay? Well, there are two parts to any good essay. The first part is an idea that is very strong and will drive the reader's imagination.The second part is the summary of the original thoughts. This part should give the reader enough inf ormation to move on to the next chapter. By doing this, you are giving the reader a synopsis of what you want them to know about the subject of the essay.The main idea is that you should outline what you want your reader to know. You should do this in such a way that it makes sense. No one wants to read an essay that is confusing or off topic.Why study abroad sample essays can be so powerful is that they do exactly that. This is something that many students need to learn.

Making Canada a better Place essays

Making Canada a better Place essays So I was surfing the net yesterday and came across some interesting information concerning drug related deaths. It stated that the death toll for the year 1998 was as high as 155 people, and that was counted in Toronto alone (canada.com). This included overdoses, car crashes that were caused by being under the influence of illegal substances, also many injuries and deaths that came by dealing. Many people including young kids were arrested and put into prison as a result of dealing drugs. Just think, all this could have been prevented. If youre asking yourself how would that be possible just hang in there and let me show you. Many people dont know this but drugs are not all that bad, they could be used to help terminally ill patients ease their pain. If one of your loved ones was suffering wouldnt you want them to be able to receive the best treatment possible? Right now that option is not available, because drugs are not yet legal but if they were, than many of the patients could die without feeling so much pain. And even before that dreaded time comes, the time before death, drugs could help the ill feel less pain. Everybody wants to die peacefully, and we can help make that happen! However if drugs would be legalized, we must make sure that it is done the smart way. Of course safety percussions must be taken the same way with cigarettes and liquor, only to a more sophisticated level. There will have to be an age limit which would stop underaged kids from getting their hands on the powders, capsules, and smokable substances. In my opinion this age should be no younger than 25. Because by that time even the male end of the population is mature enough to handle such hard core substances. We must make sure that computers would be used to monitor the buyer, and amount of products bought on a daily bases. If youre wondering where all this money would come from, ...

The Solution to Factory Farming

The Solution to Factory Farming The cruelty of factory farming is well-documented, but what is the solution? Go vegan. Cant we continue eating meat and other animal products and just treat the animals humanely? No, for two reasons: According to Animal Equality  over fifty-six  billion land animals are killed for human consumption every year worldwide. This number doesnt include sea creatures.   Humans eat far too many animals and animal products for the animals to all live on idyllic rambling farms, making humane farming almost impossible to achieve. A single battery hen building can hold over 100,000 hens in cages stacked on top of each other. How many square miles of land would be required to humanely raise 100,000 chickens so that they can establish separate flocks with their own pecking orders? Now multiply that number by 3,000, because there are 300 million egg-laying hens in the US, approximately one per person. And thats just the egg-laying chickens.Most importantly, no matter how well the animals are treated, subjugating animals for meat, milk and egg production is antithetical to animal rights.    Shouldnt we reduce suffering where we can? Yes, we can reduce some suffering by eliminating certain practices in certain areas, but this will not solve the problem. As explained above, we cannot humanely raise nine billion animals. Going vegan is the only solution. Also, keep in mind that some meat, eggs and dairy products are misleadingly marketed as humane but offer only marginal improvements over traditional factory farming. These animals are not raised humanely if they are in larger cages, or are taken out of cages only to live in overcrowded barns. And humane slaughter is an oxymoron. What about recent strides in the industry to reduce animal suffering? In his new book The Humane Economy, Animal Protection 2.0, How Innovators and enlightened consumers are transforming the Lives of Animals, author and animal-rights leader Wayne Pacelle writes about how the demand for change in how the animal farming community does business is having very identifiable changes. People who learn about factory farming are becoming more enlightened, and as they do so, producers must meet their demands. We saw this happen with the veal industry. Pacelle writes: From 1944 to the late 1980s, American per capita consumption of veal dropped from 8.6 pounds to just 0.3 pounds. When people learned about the cruelty of the veal business, they knew the moral price they paid was higher than the actual price of that restaurant meal. When we know better, we do better. In May 2015, the Humane Society of the United States was in negotiations with Walmart, the worlds largest retailer of food, to stop buying their eggs and chickens from farmers who would not voluntarily lose the battery cages. Those producers who did remove the batter cages were the new suppliers, so others had to go on board or be put out of business. This caused Walmart to release a declaration stating: There is growing public interest in how food is produced and consumers have questions about whether current practices match their values and expectations about the well-being of farm animals. Animal science plays a central role in guiding these practices , but does not always provide clear direction. Increasingly, animal welfare decisions are being considered through a combination of science and ethics. This may sound encouraging, but not all applaud the HSUSs efforts to make animals raised for slaughter more comfortable while awaiting their fate. One reason is as mentioned above:  no matter how well the animals are treated, subjugating animals for meat, milk and egg production is antithetical to animal rights. The other reason is if we make factory farming to appear humane, less people will feel the need to explore vegan options. Their moral and ethical reasons for doing so are seemingly moot. Cant I just go vegetarian? Going vegetarian is a great step, but consuming eggs and dairy still causes the suffering and deaths of animals, even on small family farms where the animals roam freely. When egg-laying hens or dairy cows are too old to be profitable, they are slaughtered for their meat, which is generally considered low quality and used for processed meat products. Male layer chickens are considered worthless because they do not lay eggs and do not have enough muscle to be useful as meat chickens, so they are killed as infants. While still alive, male chicks are ground up for animal feed or fertilizer. Male diary cattle are also considered useless because they do not give milk, and are slaughtered for veal while still very young. Going vegan is the only solution.